VM is generally considered the most common cause of vertigo in adults and children, although the relative frequency in the latter population is higher. On the other hand, the term “vestibular migraine” (VM) is widely accepted and is the most widely used name for vestibular symptoms associated with migraines. The disease is characterized primarily by the recurring of short spontaneous vertigo attacks without connection to position, which may lead to vomiting, paleness, postural imbalance, and ataxia, with or without nystagmus. It is estimated that the incidence of BPVC is about 3% the disease begins before the age of four and spontaneously resolves at the age of 10. VMC, probable VMC and RVC (previously Benign Paroxysmal Vertigo of Childhood-BPVC), are the most common cause of vertigo and dizziness in children. ![]() Vestibular Migraine and Recurrent Vertigo of Childhood The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the available medical treatments for the most frequent balance disorders in children.ģ.1. Among the possible diagnosis, common balance disorders in children include vestibular migraine of childhood (VMC), recurrent vertigo of childhood (RVC), vestibular neuritis (VN) and, with less incidence, motion sickness (MS), persistent perceptual postural dizziness (PPPD), benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), and Menière disease (MD), which, conversely, are more common in the adult population. Hearing loss, ataxia, anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain, double vision, nystagmus, and many other signs or symptoms could be associated with balance disorder and lead to diagnosis, which is obtained through a detailed neurological, otological, and audio vestibular clinical examination complemented by instrumental investigations when appropriate. Common causes of central and peripheral vertigo in children include congenital defects, heritable diseases, and acquired diseases in addition, central and peripheral vertigo in children can be caused as a result of head trauma, which can appear in forms of acute or chronic, permanent, or paroxysmal balance disorder. On the other hand, peripheral vertigo includes damage to the labyrinth and vestibular nerve. Ĭauses of central vertigo and dizziness include disorders of the vestibular nuclei of the ponto-medullary brainstem and of the pathways that connect vestibular nuclei to the cerebellum, brainstem, thalamus, and cortex. Moreover, other issues challenging the accuracy of these findings may include heterogeneity of the study designs, of data gathering, source and analysis, and of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Although it is well known that children seldom complain about vertigo and dizziness, many concerns about the precision of diagnosis emerge from the brief duration of the symptoms, difficulties in expressing the problem, underestimation of the problem with the parents, and the scarcity of studies on the topic. In comparison with the adult population, in children, vertigo and dizziness are uncommon, with a prevalence of 0.4–15%. ![]() Postural symptoms are balance symptoms related to the maintenance of postural stability, occurring only while upright (seated, standing, or walking). Dizziness is the sensation of disturbed or impaired spatial orientation without a false or distorted sense of motion. ![]() ![]() Vertigo is the sensation of self-motion when no self-motion is occurring or the sensation of distorted self-motion during an otherwise normal head movement. Vertigo and dizziness are terms used to describe a wide range of symptoms related to disorders of motion perception and coordination of the body.
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